| Behavior Observed |
Suspected Deficit |
| Focusing problems |
Accommodative problem
Possible Third nerve injury |
| Covering or closing an eye |
Strabismus
Third, Fourth Sixth nerve injury |
| Blurred, or fluctuating vision |
Accommodative spasm
Binocular disorder
Refractive error |
| Headaches with use of eyes |
Accommodative insufficiency
Convergence insufficiency
Binocular disorder |
| Diplopia (Double vision) |
Strabismus
Third, Fourth, Sixth nerve injury |
| Loss of place when reading |
Oculo-motor dysfunction in saccades
Visual attention deficit
Spatial relations deficit |
| Visual field loss and/or neglect |
Occipital cortex injury
Parietal cortex injury |
| Tendency to reread and/or reversals |
Oculo-motor dysfunction in saccades
Visual attention deficit
Spatial relations deficit |
| Head tilt |
Hyper or hypo-tropia
Fourth nerve injury |
| Asthenopia (Eye strain) |
Binocular disorder, Accommodative or convergence problem |
| Poor attention for visual tasks |
Visual perception deficit |
| An eye turns in, out, up, or down |
Strabismus
Third, Fourth, Sixth nerve injury |
| Visual confusion |
Visual perception deficit |
| Poor eye-hand coordination |
Ataxia of smooth ocular pursuits
Visual-motor integration deficit |
| Poor localization |
Spatial relations deficit
Depth perception deficit
Visual Midline Shift |
| Orientation and Mobility |
Strabismus
Visual Midline Shift
Ataxia of ocular fixations,
nystagmus |
| Balance and Posture |
Strabismus
Visual Midline Shift |
| Dizziness |
Strabismus
Nystagmus
Visual Midline Shift |
