BRAIN INJURY / STROKE Vision Problems Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis, Aneurysm, and Other Neurologic Diseases/Injuries Visual Field Loss Hemianopsia (Loss of half of the field of view right or left) Quadranopsias (Loss of about 1/4 sector of the visual field) Central Loss Peripheral Loss Total Loss of Visual Field Attitudinal Losses (Loss of upper or lower portion of the visual field) Photophobia (Sensitivity to light) Reading Disorders Diplopia Exotropia (An eye turns out) Esotropia (An eye turns in) Hypertropia (An eye turns up, or down) Ophthalmoplegia (Paresis of nerves controlling eye muscles & function) Changes in prescription can become significant Nystagmus (Uncontrolled shaking of the eyes) Lagophthalmos (Incomplete blink) Dry Eye Decreased Blink Rate Visual Hallucinations Anisocoria (Unequal pupil sizes) Pupil Abnormalities Accommodative Problems (Focusing disorders) Convergence Problems (Eye teaming disorders) Eye Movement Problems: Fixation, Pursuit (Tracking), Saccade (Scanning) Headaches (Related to use of eyes) Unstable Ambient Vision (Disorders of peripheral visual processing) Visual Perceptual Disturbances Disturbances of spatial relationships Agnosia - difficulty in object recognition Apraxia - difficulty in manipulation of objects Modified from a list by Allen Cohen, O.D. and Lynn Rein, O.D.